Advanced thermal modelling tools such as IES VE and DesignBuilder provide detailed heat loss calculations that go beyond the standard BER Heat Loss Indicator (HLI). This article explains how simulation-based design improves accuracy, supports HVAC sizing, and enhances building energy performance compared to traditional BER assessments in Ireland.

When designing structures, engineers must ensure that buildings are not only safe but also functional and comfortable. This is why structural design codes introduce two fundamental design checks: ✅ Ultimate Limit State (ULS) ✅ Serviceability Limit State (SLS) Let’s break them down clearly 👇 🔴 ULS – Ultimate Limit State The ULS checks structural safety under maximum loading conditions. It ensures that failure (collapse, overturning, instability) does not occur. By following